Directive Principles of State Policies. Indian Constitution and Politics.

Directive principles of state policies (DPSP) are the ideals to protect individual rights in India. Article 36 to 51 under part IV of the Indian Constitution talks about Directive principles of state policies. This concept was borrowed from Irish Constitution. It also influenced by Gandhian Principles.it was commenced by Government Act of 1935.

Directive principles are fundemental for the governance of the country. They are basically a code of conduct for legislature and administrators of the country. The Directive principles are broadly classified in to three. They are

* Socialistic Principles

* Gandhian Principles

* Liberal and intellectual Principles

Some of the principles are;

1. Securing Welfare of the people.

2. Equal justice and free legal aid

3. Organisation of village Panchayat.

4. Right to work and education.

5. Provision for just and human conditions and maternity relief.

6. Promotion of educational and economic intrest of Sheduled Caste(SC) and Sheduled Tribe(ST) 

7.Protection of environment and safeguard forest and wildlife.

8.Protection of places and monuments of national importance.

9.Seperation of judiciary from the executive.

10. Promotion of international peace and security.

There should have a fine balance between fundamental rights and Directive principles for the outright well being of the nation. 

Myth and Literature by M. T Vasudevan Nair.

Every Literature has their own unique features. It has very much influenced by the culture, tradition and values of the land. Malayalam literature also influend by the myth, folklore and legends of different ages. 

 'Myth and Literature' is a speech delivered by M. T Vasudevan Nair, one of great comtemporay writers of India. In this speech, he discusses the ways in which  Malayalam literature  influenced by myth, folktales and legends. He compares the relationship between myth and literature. 

Birth of Kerala always connected with the myth of Parasuraman.it is believed that Kerala was formed by the hurling of  axe by Parasuraman from Mount Gokarna. This myth was a raw material for many writers and poets of Malayalam literature. Balamaniamma used 'hurling of axe' by Parasuraman as an epitome of 'sacrifice'. Vyollopalli Sreedharamenon used the axe as tool for representating early migrant Societies of Kerala. 

Thakazhi used the myth of Kadalamma in his celebrated novel, Chemeen. Kadalamma or Godess of Sea take cares the men who were out in the sea for fishing. Then the wives of the  fishermen should be lead a taint less life at home. Otherwise their husbands may get an accident at sea. 

Thunchath Ezhuthachan is believed to be an incarnation of Gandharvan. As a non Brahmin, Thunchath Ezhuthachan didnt get any wild acclaime during his early part of the life. Though he was well versed in Vedas and Upanishads and wrote magnificent poetries. But the gandharva myth solved this problem. Everyone accept him because of his relation with the legend, Gandharva. 

Other modernist  writers like O. V Vijayan, Kovilan used folktales in their fiction. KP Ramanunni and TV Kochuvava tried to recreate folktales for contemporary times. Modern science considers myth and legends are the fantacies of an ancient pagan Societies. 

To be conclude that M. T Vasudevan Nair clearly mentioned the influence of myth and folktales in the Malayalam literature and how the writers used it as a raw material for their works. 

Indian Constitution and Politics. PYQ short questions and answers. 2022.

Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is a political condition in which Constitution has complete power on Government. It is the basic structure of the country. 

All India Service

Article 312 of Indian Constitution talks about All India Services. 

It comprises of three prestigious civil  services of India. They are IAS(Indian Administrative Service, IPS( Indian Police Service), IFS(Indian Forest Service). 

Division of Powers

Indian Constitution devides power between Centre and state. 

Separation of powers divides the mechanism of governance into three branches i.e. Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary

Secularism

India is called a secular state because it does not have any state religion and people are free to practice any religion of their choice

Cabinet

In India cabinet is a  supreme decision making body and directing state policies. The cabinet is led by the Prime Minister. 

Dyarchy 

Dyarchy is a governmental system having two Independent authorities. In India, it followed dyarchy from 1919 to 1935. 1935 Act of Government abolished this system.

Judicial Activism 

Judicial Activism refers to ruling made by a court's order rather than Constitutional rules of law. 

It is the overactive role played by judiciary.

Soverignity

Soverignity means ultimate power. In India, the Soverigne power vested upon people. I. e the source of this power is people. Preamble of Indian  constitution guarantees Soverignity of our nation. 

Independent Judiciary 

Indian Costititution provides an Independent judiciary to protect fundamental rights and equal protection of law of land. It includes Supreme Court at the centre and High Courts at state levels. 

Collective Responsiblity

All the members of the cabinet is collectively responsible for the decision taken by them in the cabinet. 

Article 75 talks about the collective responsibility. 

Ordinance 

Inorder to take an immediate action, President can issue an ordinance. It is the legislative power of President of India. An ordinance is a law made by executives and issued by President. 

Written Constitution 

Indian Constitution is a written Constitution which means it is compiled and systamatised in a structured manner. It is well crafted.

The original text of the Constitution contained 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. 

Now It contains 448 article, 25 parts and shedules. 

Flexible Constitution 

Indian Constitution is said to be flexible as well as Rigid. It is flexible because it can be amend or change in case any emergency. 

A constitution is said to be rigid when it is difficult to amend or change. 

Bicameral legislature 

A bicameral legislature is a legislature with two houses. The Indian Parliament consists of two houses- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Short Note on Fundamental Duties. Article 51 A, Part IV of ICP.

Indian Constitution Gives us 6 fundamental rights. In return, as a citizen of India, we have to abide some duties towards our country. So the article 51 A of  constitution of India talks about 11 Fundamental Duties. Fundamental Duties are our responsibilities towards our country. 

 

The Swaran sing committe in 1976 recommended to add fundamental duties to the Indian Constitution. It was came in to list through 42nd Amendment act of 1976. First it had 10 duties. Later one more duty is added through 86th Amendment Act of 2002. Now we have 11 fundamental duties in our Constitution. 

Part IV A (Article 51 A) 

Fundamental Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India. 

a) to abide by the Indian Constitution and respect it's ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 

b) to cherish and follow the ideals that inspired our national struggle for freedom. 

c) to uphold and protect the sovereignity, unity and integrity of India. 

d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 

e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India. 

f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our  composite culture. 

 

g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for living creatures. 

h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. 

i) to safeguard public property 

j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity

k) to provide education for kids who ward between the age of six and fourteen. It's the duty of parents or guardian. 

These are the 11 fundamental duties proposed by the Constitution of Indian. As the citizens of India, it's our duty to obey all these duties for the welfare of our Beloved country. 

Salient Features of Indian Constitution

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens. 

The Indian constitution is unique in its content and spirit. The salient features of the constitution are as follows:

  Lengthiest written Constitution

  Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility

  Federal system with unitary         features

 Parliamentary form of Government

 Independent judiciary

 Single citizenship

 Emergency provision 

Written Constitution 

Constitutions are classified into written, like the American Constitution, or unwritten, like the British Constitution. India has a written Constitution which now contains 448 articles, 25 parts and 12 shedules. Originally it had 398 article. 

Rigid and flexible Constitution

Indian Constitution is rigid as well as flexible. We can amend 

An analysis of Deepak Unnikrishnan's Temporary People.

Globalisation around the world has allowed the labour movement between the countries. International migration like migration between one country to another country has become a common phenomenon. India has exported a significant number people migrating to different regions across the world under different circumstances. Large number of unskilled and semiskilled Indian labour migration to Gulf countries is a recent phenomenon. The upward trend in labour migration to the Gulf countries started when large-scale development activities took place in gulf countries due to an increase in oil prices in the 1970s. The lack of employment opportunities, poverty, low wages and poor standard of living in India caused many Indians to migrate to gulf countries to gain economic benefits. 

Deepak Unnikrishnan's debut novel Temporary People shines light on a little known world with compassion and Keen Insight. The novel picturizes stories of laborers who brought to the United Arab Emirates to do menial and everyday jobs. It manages to capture hopes, longing and sufferings of an immigrant who flees from his economically inferior country in search of work to support his family. 

The novel binds twenty-eight unique stories of the deplorable and sometimes downright dehumanizing experience of immigrants. It clearly depicts the chaotic, fragile lives which the people lead in these alien countries.

The presence of narrators of all  ages, gender and socio economic background add more flavour and authenticity to the real life experience of people who leave their native place. 

So the revolving theme of the novel is the life of immigrants. Since the significant population of United Arab Emirates is from Kerala, the term Pravasi used in the novel at regular intervals. The novels shatters the misconceptions that surround the life in gulf countries. Unnikrishnan slowly unravel the dreams and expectations that many harbor in. 

Second chapter talks about the life of Ms. Anna Varghese, who had been working as nurse to treat construction workers who fell from  incomplete buildings. Through her nursing, she confronted with many workers, each of them has their own story to narrate. She cured many of them. But she couldn't save the life of Iqbal, the last man she treated. Iqbal's life also give us a glance to realise how the Pravasi life goes in gulf countries. Once Iqbal said to  Anna; 

  Gulf heat baked a man differently, first it cooked a man's shirt and then the man's skin. We smell like an old stove. 

This was the condition of people who are the invisible, non citizens of the kind of global enterprises. The people, primarily site labourers who are responsible for the real beauty of the Emirates. 

For anyone who has spend a considerable amount of  time in a foreign country, out of necessity, loneliness is a constant companion to them. According to Unnikrishnan, foreign nationals make up 80% of the population in UAE. They contributed much to the economy of country, but never feel being at home in that alien world. Unnikrishnan portrays this feelings and alienation through his characters and their stories. 

Answer Key. 2nd Semester Model Examination 2023 June. Readings on Kerala. Short Answer Questions Analysis.

Answers 

1. Chandhumenon wrote Indulekha to help his friends as well as wife who couldn't read and enjoy English novels because of their lack of knowledge in English Language. Indulekha helps them to read and appreciate a novel for themselves in Malayalam. 

2 Thakazhi adapted the myth of kadalamma(Mother of Sea). The myth is about chastity. If the married fisher woman was adulterous when her husband was in the sea, the Sea Goddess would consume him.

3. Kochuthommi stayed back at Basheer's home because he is hardened fan of Basheer. He reads almost all works of Basheer. It also shows the Christian Muslim unity in Kerala. 

4. Ayyanakali's villuvandiyathra is a first struggle for freedom of travel on public road. This struggle is described as  '' laying claim to the public space" by Meena Kanda swami and  M. Nisar. 

5. Muslims (1906), Deepika (1931), Al Islam (1931) are the three journals published by Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi. 

6. Kudippaka is the community  feud, which was prevalent among the tribal Communities. If one member of a community attacked a member of another community, the entire community takes it's responsibility to avenge one another. 

7. Vasco da Gama's fleet consisted of three vessels named San Raphael San Gabriel, San Miguel. San Raphael was the ship of Gama. 

8. CP Govinda pillai is the first editor of Swadeshabhimani news paper founded by Vakkom Moulavi in 1905. 

9. According to Guru attaining the core reality surpasses five senses. It's boyond our ordinary knowledge. 

10. In the poem' No, Not a Single letter is seen', Poykayil Appachan scrutinizes the history to find out any single word about his race. The marginalized don't find room in the history books. 

11. The speaker herself identifies as a Rain at Night. Like a mad young woman, rain at Night she is weeping, laughing, whimpering and muttering without a stop. 

12. In the poem Kuttipuram Bridge, Edasseri calls village as Gramalakshmi. The rustic beauty with green and yellow paddy fields, fruit bearing trees and the slops are covered with greenery and flowers of myriad hues. 

13.  Ravi threatened Priya to keep silent on the matter, otherwise he would  finish her and  her family too. 

14. M. T Vasudevan Nair's 1973 movie, Nirmalyam  revolves around a temple and the lives of the people dependent on the temple. Its implications on religious intolerence and fundamentalism make the film significant today. 

15. Jeet Thayyil's Malayalam Ghazal repeatedly used the palindrome' Malayalam' at the end of each couplet.