Readings From Fringes. 2023. University of Calicut.

Speaker. Short Essay. Indian Constitution and Politics.

Speaker

Article 93 of Indian Constitution talks about the office of deputy speaker. The presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament is the Lok Sabha Speaker. The office of speaker is a significant position in India.

Speaker is the head of the lokshaba

His/her decision in all Parliamentary matters is final. 

The primary responsibility of the speaker is to maintain the functions of lokshaba. 

He/she is the final intrepretor of the provisions

He/she can adjourn the proceedings of the House or suspends the meeting in absence of a quorum. 

The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament.

The Speaker is the ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Group. 

Speaker is the chairman of the following committees:

• Business Advisory Committee,
• General Purposes Committee,
• Rules Committee. 

So speaker has an important position in Indian Constitution. 

President & Vice President. Indian Constitution and Politics. Short Essay Section.

President of India

In India, President is the head of the state and first citizen of India. Article 53 of Indian Constitution states that the executive power of the states vested upon the President. The president is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and also the commander in chief of Indian Army. 

The President is elected by the elected members of both Rajya sabha and Lok Sabha and elected members of state legislative and Union territories. President of India has following powers:

*Executive Power 

*Judicial Power

* Financial Power 

*Legislative Power

*Emergency Power 

*Miscellaneous Power

The president of Indian appoints Prime minister. With the advice of Prime minister makes other appointments like Attorney General, Chief justice of Supreme court and those of High Courts. And also appoints Chair man of UPSC, 

election Commissioner, Governor of state. President has the power to remove all the position mentioned. 

President is responsible for the administration of Union territories. 

No bill can become an act without the  president's Signature. 

Money bill becomes a law only after the permission of President. 

If there is any issues in the states, president can take over the administration of the states. 

All executive actions are taken by his name. 

Vice President

Article 63 of Indian Constitution talks about the post of Vice president. The office of Vice president is the second highest Constitutional  office in India. The vice president is also the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya sabha

The term of the vice president is five years. He must be a member of Rajya sabha and complete at least 35 years of age. Vice president can act as president during his absence. He presides over the meetings of Rajya Sabha.

The Vice president serves as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president. 

Directive Principles of State Policies. Indian Constitution and Politics.

Directive principles of state policies (DPSP) are the ideals to protect individual rights in India. Article 36 to 51 under part IV of the Indian Constitution talks about Directive principles of state policies. This concept was borrowed from Irish Constitution. It also influenced by Gandhian Principles.it was commenced by Government Act of 1935.

Directive principles are fundemental for the governance of the country. They are basically a code of conduct for legislature and administrators of the country. The Directive principles are broadly classified in to three. They are

* Socialistic Principles

* Gandhian Principles

* Liberal and intellectual Principles

Some of the principles are;

1. Securing Welfare of the people.

2. Equal justice and free legal aid

3. Organisation of village Panchayat.

4. Right to work and education.

5. Provision for just and human conditions and maternity relief.

6. Promotion of educational and economic intrest of Sheduled Caste(SC) and Sheduled Tribe(ST) 

7.Protection of environment and safeguard forest and wildlife.

8.Protection of places and monuments of national importance.

9.Seperation of judiciary from the executive.

10. Promotion of international peace and security.

There should have a fine balance between fundamental rights and Directive principles for the outright well being of the nation. 

Myth and Literature by M. T Vasudevan Nair.

Every Literature has their own unique features. It has very much influenced by the culture, tradition and values of the land. Malayalam literature also influend by the myth, folklore and legends of different ages. 

 'Myth and Literature' is a speech delivered by M. T Vasudevan Nair, one of great comtemporay writers of India. In this speech, he discusses the ways in which  Malayalam literature  influenced by myth, folktales and legends. He compares the relationship between myth and literature. 

Birth of Kerala always connected with the myth of Parasuraman.it is believed that Kerala was formed by the hurling of  axe by Parasuraman from Mount Gokarna. This myth was a raw material for many writers and poets of Malayalam literature. Balamaniamma used 'hurling of axe' by Parasuraman as an epitome of 'sacrifice'. Vyollopalli Sreedharamenon used the axe as tool for representating early migrant Societies of Kerala. 

Thakazhi used the myth of Kadalamma in his celebrated novel, Chemeen. Kadalamma or Godess of Sea take cares the men who were out in the sea for fishing. Then the wives of the  fishermen should be lead a taint less life at home. Otherwise their husbands may get an accident at sea. 

Thunchath Ezhuthachan is believed to be an incarnation of Gandharvan. As a non Brahmin, Thunchath Ezhuthachan didnt get any wild acclaime during his early part of the life. Though he was well versed in Vedas and Upanishads and wrote magnificent poetries. But the gandharva myth solved this problem. Everyone accept him because of his relation with the legend, Gandharva. 

Other modernist  writers like O. V Vijayan, Kovilan used folktales in their fiction. KP Ramanunni and TV Kochuvava tried to recreate folktales for contemporary times. Modern science considers myth and legends are the fantacies of an ancient pagan Societies. 

To be conclude that M. T Vasudevan Nair clearly mentioned the influence of myth and folktales in the Malayalam literature and how the writers used it as a raw material for their works. 

Indian Constitution and Politics. PYQ short questions and answers. 2022.

Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is a political condition in which Constitution has complete power on Government. It is the basic structure of the country. 

All India Service

Article 312 of Indian Constitution talks about All India Services. 

It comprises of three prestigious civil  services of India. They are IAS(Indian Administrative Service, IPS( Indian Police Service), IFS(Indian Forest Service). 

Division of Powers

Indian Constitution devides power between Centre and state. 

Separation of powers divides the mechanism of governance into three branches i.e. Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary

Secularism

India is called a secular state because it does not have any state religion and people are free to practice any religion of their choice

Cabinet

In India cabinet is a  supreme decision making body and directing state policies. The cabinet is led by the Prime Minister. 

Dyarchy 

Dyarchy is a governmental system having two Independent authorities. In India, it followed dyarchy from 1919 to 1935. 1935 Act of Government abolished this system.

Judicial Activism 

Judicial Activism refers to ruling made by a court's order rather than Constitutional rules of law. 

It is the overactive role played by judiciary.

Soverignity

Soverignity means ultimate power. In India, the Soverigne power vested upon people. I. e the source of this power is people. Preamble of Indian  constitution guarantees Soverignity of our nation. 

Independent Judiciary 

Indian Costititution provides an Independent judiciary to protect fundamental rights and equal protection of law of land. It includes Supreme Court at the centre and High Courts at state levels. 

Collective Responsiblity

All the members of the cabinet is collectively responsible for the decision taken by them in the cabinet. 

Article 75 talks about the collective responsibility. 

Ordinance 

Inorder to take an immediate action, President can issue an ordinance. It is the legislative power of President of India. An ordinance is a law made by executives and issued by President. 

Written Constitution 

Indian Constitution is a written Constitution which means it is compiled and systamatised in a structured manner. It is well crafted.

The original text of the Constitution contained 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. 

Now It contains 448 article, 25 parts and shedules. 

Flexible Constitution 

Indian Constitution is said to be flexible as well as Rigid. It is flexible because it can be amend or change in case any emergency. 

A constitution is said to be rigid when it is difficult to amend or change. 

Bicameral legislature 

A bicameral legislature is a legislature with two houses. The Indian Parliament consists of two houses- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Short Note on Fundamental Duties. Article 51 A, Part IV of ICP.

Indian Constitution Gives us 6 fundamental rights. In return, as a citizen of India, we have to abide some duties towards our country. So the article 51 A of  constitution of India talks about 11 Fundamental Duties. Fundamental Duties are our responsibilities towards our country. 

 

The Swaran sing committe in 1976 recommended to add fundamental duties to the Indian Constitution. It was came in to list through 42nd Amendment act of 1976. First it had 10 duties. Later one more duty is added through 86th Amendment Act of 2002. Now we have 11 fundamental duties in our Constitution. 

Part IV A (Article 51 A) 

Fundamental Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India. 

a) to abide by the Indian Constitution and respect it's ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 

b) to cherish and follow the ideals that inspired our national struggle for freedom. 

c) to uphold and protect the sovereignity, unity and integrity of India. 

d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 

e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India. 

f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our  composite culture. 

 

g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for living creatures. 

h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. 

i) to safeguard public property 

j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity

k) to provide education for kids who ward between the age of six and fourteen. It's the duty of parents or guardian. 

These are the 11 fundamental duties proposed by the Constitution of Indian. As the citizens of India, it's our duty to obey all these duties for the welfare of our Beloved country.