Morphology, Morpheme, short notes. Language and Linguistic.

Morphology

The part of linguistics that deals with the study of the structure of words is called morphology or morphemics. 

Morpheme can be define as the smallest meaningful unit in the structure of a language. The smallest meaningful unit means a unit which cannot be divided further without destroying or altering the meaning.

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit of a language that can't be further divided. 

Simply, It has a meaning or grammatical function. A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. 

The word ' write' is a morpheme

The word 'Rewrite' has two morphemes. 

Re = Grammatical Function 

Write = Gives meaning. 

One Morpheme      Two Morpheme 

 Sad                            sadness

Happy                        Unhappy

Book                           Books

Mad                            Madness

Man                            Manly

There are two types of morpheme in language. 

*Free Morpheme 

*Bound Morpheme

Free morpheme can exists alone with a specific meaning. They can stand alone as an independent words. For example  book day, height, eat...etc. It is the base or root word. 

Bound Morpheme 

Bound morpheme can't stand alone. It cannot occure independently. They don't make any senes when used in isolation. They are always attached to other morpheme. 

Eg: ed, es, s, dis, ing, in, un, ful, ness.. ect. 

Lexical Morpheme and Grammatical Morpheme 

Those morphemes which have more or less independent meaning are called Lexical morphemes

For eg: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. 

Grammatical morphemes are grammatically significant but semantically insignificant. They Includes articles, prepositions, conjections. 

The boy is cutting mango with knife. 

The, is, ing, with = Grammatical Morphemes

Boy, cut, mango, knife = Lexical Morpheme 

 

Suprasegmental Features or Prosodic features.

Suprasegmental Features

In Phonology, there are two aspects for  sound system. They are segmentals ( what you say), and Superasegmantals (how you way what you say). 

Segmentals includes vowels, diphthongs, tripthongs, consonants... etc. Which are called segmental phonemes. 

Superasegmental features  tend to indicate the emotional state of the speaker. This is something beyond the segmentals. The components of Superasegmantal features consists of stress, length, pitch, intonation, tone, Juncture.... etc

Stress

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given certain syllables in a word. 

In words of more than one syllable, all the syllables are not articulated with same force. We used to stress some words than the others. So stress is the degree of force with which sound of syllable is uttered. 

For noun, stress falls on first syllable and for verb, it is on second syllable. 

'Convict(N)      Con' vict (V) 

 'Permit (N)       Per' mit( V) 

 ' Object (N)      Ob' ject(V) 

 ' Export (N)       Ex' port(V) 

 ' Absent (N)       Ab' sent(V) 

Compound words stress on first syllable. Eg:

 'Birthday

'Water proof 

' Life jacket 

'Tea bag

' Crossword 

'Wholesale

Compound words stress on second syllable. Eg:

Him' self

What'ever

Second' handed 

Open' minded 

Sentence stress

It means the  stress given to particular words within sentence. Through this the listener can understand what he/she wanted to convey. Content words are often stressed and grammatical words are often unstressed. 

Eg:

'Jack and' Jill 'went up the' hill

'This is the 'house that' Mohan ' built. 

Lenth 

Length is the time it takes to pronounce a phoneme. 

[ bar],  [ba:r] in this two words, we can use long vowel and short vowel. It indicates it's length. 

Rhythm

Rhythm is often created through the use of syllables. When we speak, we naturally emphasise some syllables over others. Longer syllables are known as "stressed" syllables and shorter ones are "unstressed". 

Juncture

Juncture means the pause between two words or  morphemes in a compound word. Juncture is compulsory when there have confusion between two words. 

Eg : Ice Cream      > I Scream

        My train        > Might rain

        Great Tapes  > Grey tapes

         A dress        > Address

Pitch

In connected speech, the pitch of the voice is continuously rising and falling. Pitch of the voice determined by the rate of vocal cord vibrates. 

Tone is the pitch movement.

Tone are divided into two kinetic and static. Kinetic tone is occurred when  there is a change in pitch. If there is no varying of pitch, it is called static. 

Intonation 

In linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch while speaking. Intonation and stress are  two main elements in  linguistic prosody. Intonation helps us to recognize the language the same way the melody of a song helps recognize the song we hear. 

Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say. 

These are the major Superasegmantal features which help to complete what we really want to convey to our listeners. 

Language and Linguistic. 2022. University of Calicut.

Readings on Kerala. University of Calicut. Question Paper.

Fifteen Years of Malayalam cinema.

Fifteen years of Malayalam cinema is an article written by V C Harris. In this work, he traces the history of malayalam cinema from Neelakuyil(1954) to Padam Onnu: Oru  Vilapam(2003).

Neelakuyil (1954) is directed jointly by Rami kariat  and P. Baskranan. It is a landmark film in Malayalam. It used so many new techniques for the first time. It had a local story, caste inequalities, progress, secular subject are the main theme of the film. Starring of excellent actors make the film perfect . It had many excellent artists and technicians. 

Chemmeen( 1965) by Ramu kariat based on Thakazh's novel is another important film. It is an epic portrayal of fishing community in kerala. It used the myth of Sea Goddess ( Kadalamma).  Also expresses local culture and Mythology, caste and community differences and patriarchal ideologies. 

The film Nirmalyam is directed by  M T Vasudevan Nair. It revolves around a neglected temple and the people who depend on it.The film presents changing social structure in early 70s,lose in faith,communism widespread poverty,mass

unemployment, displacement... etc.

 

Atmopadeshasatakam. short note.

Atmopadeshasatakam is a verse narrative written by Sree Narayana Guru, one of the leading figures of Kerala Renaissance.

 The poem contains 100 stanzas Atmopadeshasatakam means ' one hundred verses on self instructions'.  In this work, he expresses his concept of knowledge.  How knowledge is acquired, what is  the essence of real knowledge. As a person, we must go beyond the five senses to find ultimate truth and reality. Our knowledge is not from our five senses only. True knowledge transcends all ordinary knowledge. According to Guru attaining the core reality surpasses all ordinary knowledge and five senses. 

Guru proposes his philosophy of egalitarianism, which means 

all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. 

He also talks about the importance of reading and praying. Both gives us contemplation. 

As we live in a post truth era, where lies rule over the truth or, fake news accepted faster than the real, this piece of work by Guru is monumental. 

Readings From Fringes. 2023. University of Calicut.

Speaker. Short Essay. Indian Constitution and Politics.

Speaker

Article 93 of Indian Constitution talks about the office of deputy speaker. The presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament is the Lok Sabha Speaker. The office of speaker is a significant position in India.

Speaker is the head of the lokshaba

His/her decision in all Parliamentary matters is final. 

The primary responsibility of the speaker is to maintain the functions of lokshaba. 

He/she is the final intrepretor of the provisions

He/she can adjourn the proceedings of the House or suspends the meeting in absence of a quorum. 

The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament.

The Speaker is the ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Group. 

Speaker is the chairman of the following committees:

• Business Advisory Committee,
• General Purposes Committee,
• Rules Committee. 

So speaker has an important position in Indian Constitution. 

President & Vice President. Indian Constitution and Politics. Short Essay Section.

President of India

In India, President is the head of the state and first citizen of India. Article 53 of Indian Constitution states that the executive power of the states vested upon the President. The president is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and also the commander in chief of Indian Army. 

The President is elected by the elected members of both Rajya sabha and Lok Sabha and elected members of state legislative and Union territories. President of India has following powers:

*Executive Power 

*Judicial Power

* Financial Power 

*Legislative Power

*Emergency Power 

*Miscellaneous Power

The president of Indian appoints Prime minister. With the advice of Prime minister makes other appointments like Attorney General, Chief justice of Supreme court and those of High Courts. And also appoints Chair man of UPSC, 

election Commissioner, Governor of state. President has the power to remove all the position mentioned. 

President is responsible for the administration of Union territories. 

No bill can become an act without the  president's Signature. 

Money bill becomes a law only after the permission of President. 

If there is any issues in the states, president can take over the administration of the states. 

All executive actions are taken by his name. 

Vice President

Article 63 of Indian Constitution talks about the post of Vice president. The office of Vice president is the second highest Constitutional  office in India. The vice president is also the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya sabha

The term of the vice president is five years. He must be a member of Rajya sabha and complete at least 35 years of age. Vice president can act as president during his absence. He presides over the meetings of Rajya Sabha.

The Vice president serves as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president.