1.NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog is the National Institution for Transforming India, which was formed in 2015. It replaced the Planning commission of India. Prime Minister is the chairperson of NITI Aayog. It is a think tank in India.
2.List System
The Indian Constitution provides three lists. They are Union list, State list and Concurrent list.
3.Inter State Council
The Constitution of India in article 263 provided an Inter-State Council (ISC). Decentralisation of powers to the states, providing financial resources to states are the aims of Inter State Council.
4. Schedule X
The 10th Schedule of the Indian Constitution contain Provisions relating to disqualification on the ground of defection. It was included under the 52nd Constitution Amendment Act, also called Anti Defection Act (1985).
5. Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. They are central government and state government in India. So federalism is a mixed or compound mode of government.
6. 42nd Amendment
42nd Amendment Act, 1976 is one of the most important amendments to the Indian Constitution. it is also known as ‘Mini-Constitutionʼ. It added 'Fundamental Duties' in the constitution. Reduce power of Supreme Court and High Court.
7.Regional Political Parties
The presence of a large number of regional parties is an important feature of the Indian Political System. They have come to play a vital role in Indian politics at all levels i.e. local state and national.
It generally operates within a specific state or specific region. Its electoral base is limited to a single region.
These include Shiromani Akali Dal, National Conference, DMK, AIADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, Asom Gana Parishad, Mizo National Front, Jharkhand Mukti Morch and so on.
8.The 101st Amendment Act
It was passed on 8 August 2016, it talks about GST (Goods and Services Tax). The Constitution (101st) Amendment Act, 2016 allows both the centre and states to levy the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
9. Finance Commission of India
The Finance Commissions are commissions periodically constituted by the President of India under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution to define the financial relations between the central government of India and the individual state governments.
10.Linguistic Minorities.
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country . Such people are termed linguistic minorities or language minorities.
Article 30 (1) of the Constitution of India provides a fundamental right to linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutes of their choice.
11. Centre - State relations
The constitution of India follows the federal structure and divides all of its power between the Centre and the states. The powers are divided between Centre-State Relations in the form of the executive, legislative, and financial powers.
12. Dominant Party System
Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a dominant. Now Baratiya Janatha Party(BJP) is the dominant party in India.
13. State Party
State parties are political parties which have 2% of seats in Lok sabha at least from three different states. And also have 6% votes in Legislative assembly. Then only it gets recognition as a state party.
Aam Aadmi Party is an example for State Party.
14. Decentralization
When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called decentralisation.
15.Panchayat Samiti
Panchayat samiti is a rural local government. It works as an intermediate.
The panchayat samiti is the link between the gram Panchayat(village council) and the Jilla parishat(district board).
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