Essay on Rasa Theory. Literary Criticism.

         

 "Vibhavanubhava vyabichari samyogidi rasanispatti"

In Indian Aesthetics, Rasa theory occupies a pride of place in the feild of literary criticism. Indian sage Bharatamuni, who lived sometimes between 1st century BCE or 3rd century CE is the proponent of Rasa theory. In his Natyashastra, Bharatamuni gives a detailed analysis of dramatic art. It is the oldest extant work in Indian Poetics. Rasa is the keyword to Sanskrit literary criticism. Rasa theory can be applied to all forms of literature produced in every part of the globe. 

'Rasa' literally means taste, flavour, relish or richness. It is the  aesthetic emotion or the pleasure. It can be described as the response to art. Response of a spectator or reader is more important than the artist's act of creation. 

The creation of 'Rasa' is the very core of the Sanskrit 'Natya' Theory. Every dramatic presentation was aimed at evoking a particular kind of aesthetic experience in the minds of audience which is described as 'Rasa'. Bharata explains 'Rasa sutra' in Natyashastra as: 

" Vibhavanubhava vyabichari samyogidi rasanispatti"    which means the evocation of Rasa is  happend through the combination of determinants ( Vibhavas), Consequent( Anubhava) and transistory states or fleeting emotions( Vyabhikaribhavas).

Bharata classifies the 'Rasa' into eight categories (ashtarasa) and also added their corresponding 'Bhava' (emotion)which results in the creation of 'rasa'. These are known as 'Sthayibhavas' or pervading stable emotions. They are

 *Rati (love) 

 *Hasa (mirth) 

 *Shoka (grief) 

 *Krodha( anger) 

 *Utsaha (heroism) 

 *Bhaya (fear) 

 *Jugupsa (disgust) 

 * Vismaya (wonder) 

The corresponding eight rasas are:

1.Shringara (amourous) 

2.Hasya (humorous) 

3.Karuna (Pathetic) 

4.Raudra (furious) 

5.Vira (valorous) 

6.Bhayanaka ( horrific) 

7. Bibhatsa (repugnant) 

8. Adbhuta(wondorous) 

These eight stayibhavas inherit all human beings. They deeply rooted in human psyche, are inborn and innate emotions. Sthayibhavas are the permanent emotions. 

Rasa is accomplished as a result of the proper conjunction of Vibhava  Anubhava and Vyabhikaribhava. 

Vibhava 

Vibhava is the objective condition or reason for producing an emotion. Vibhava is the karana for bhava. It is devided in to two. They are Alamabana and Uddipana Vibhava.

Alambana vibhava

Alambana Vibhava refers to the person or persons with reference to whom an emotion is aroused. 

Uddipana vibhava

Uddipana Vibhava refers to the circumstances or background features which enhances the dominant emotions. 

For instance, In Shakunthala, the princess Shakunthala is the Alamabana Vibhava of Dushyantha's love where the beautiful background, the flora and the fauna in the surroundings are the Uddipana Vibhavas. 

Anubhava. 

Anubhava refers to the facial expressions or the bodily gestures by which an emotion is expressed. 

For Example, the longing look of a lady, her inviting smile, sight etc. 

Vyabhikaribhavas 

Vyabhikaribhavas are the transitory emotions such as anxiety, sorrow, disappoinment, etc which feed the dominant emotions. 

To achieve the Rasa of any literary work, one should be able to achieve it. Bharata speaks about a model spectator or ' Sahrdaya'. It is a person who can enjoy the dramatic performance with all his senses and is expert in judging it's pros and cons and  can ignore a fault and appreciate it's merit. 

No Men are Foreign

Beneath all uniform, a single body breaths.....

As a postcolonial poem by James Kirkup, 'No Men are Foreign' demands the very term of universal brotherhood and humanity. 

According to the poet we should not consider anyone as foreign or 'strange' as we are the children of same God. The title itself gives the message of the poem. The poet reminds us of the beauty of humanity and worse of racial discrimination and Cultural hegemony. 

The setting of the poem is the post- war modern society. Colonial powers had suppressed the others for centuries, creating the myth of white supremacy. Kirkup rejects racial superiority of the colonial powers and celebrates the differences between people. 

In the poem, the poet tells us that no human beings are different. Beneath the superficial diffrences in appearances or behaviour, all human beings have similar feelings, emotions and reactions. They live on the same earth and breath the same air and one day all of them shall be laid to rest in the same earth. Thus all human beings are ultimately one. 

The poet exposes the horror and brutality of all war and exhorts all that when we hate our brothers, we do hate ourselves. 

We must unite to make everyone's life better. When we hate one another, we betray humanity. At the time of war, human beings fight  one another by thinking they are 'foreign' to each other. So the poem also a protest against xenophobia, racial hatred and armfare. 

Here James Kirkup broadens the idea of the 'other' through the refrain ' no men are strange and no countries foreign. The poet raises his voice against those groups that encourage us to wage wars against our brothers. He says that If we, the guardians of the earth, pick up arms against our brothers, and die as a result of the war, then there would no one to take care of the home that our ancestors had passed down to us. 

The poem No Men are Foreign gives a very important message. We should love each other, Do not posses hatred towards our fellow beings. There should be no biased attitude towards anyone. All human beings are same and save our earth from the total destruction. 

Literary Criticism and Theory _ Part 1( Up to New Criticism). 2022 Pyq