Introduction to Academic writing: Exercises

1. Differenciate between the skills expectations in school and college with focus on writing?

When one get in to college, they have to engage in an advanced level of knowledge of the descipline and preparing for the career. It becomes essential for us to revisit the writing skills.

2. What is the basic prerequisite for learning academic writing?

Start free writing

Keep a journal

Reading and writing

Think critically

Develop research skills

Learn the language of the discipline

Academic writing is to be understood as higher order of writing skill. It is apparent that to

learn academic writing one should possess basic skills to use writing for communication. The

following are the prerequisites for learning academic writing.

1. Start free writing: Write continuously without worrying about the correctness, grammar

mistakes, or logical order. You need to encourage yourself to write something.

2. Keep a journal: Make it a habit to write something in a notebook specifically meant for the

purpose. Keeping a personal journal can be used as a practice for developing academic writing

as well.

3. Reading and writing: Reading is an important prerequisite for aspiring writers. If you take into

account others’ opinions and findings it will help you to improve your writing skill.

4. Think critically: It is a process of inspecting something closely and reflecting on it. Writing

and thinking are complementing each other; that is, thinking will refine your writings and

writing will strengthen your thoughts.

5. Develop research skills: Developing research skills will help you to find out and make use of

the sources of information.

6. Learn language of your discipline: To write on your discipline you need to get a systematic

initiation into the fundamentals of your discipline. The fundamentals include the key words and

phrases frequently used in that discipline.

3.Diffrenciate between academic and non- academic writings.

4.How do you define academic writing?

Academic writing generally refers to all writing tasks assigned to students for the purpose of study at the college level. It is a formal way of writing

5. What are the general features of academic writing  across the disciplines?

In general, the features of academic writing across the desciplines are characterised as 

* A well defined purpose

* Formality and seriousness in the use of language

* Systematic and logical ordering of ideas

* Objectivity

*Use of reliable information and expert sources

* Referencing

6.Explain ‘blind peer reviewing'

A paper submitted by a scholar for publication to a journal is sent to other scholars(reviewers) by the editor of the journal without the names and other details of the writer. The reviewers read the paper and determine if the paper is worth publishing. The identity of the

reviewers is never disclosed to the author of the paper.

7.What are the implications of using others’ material as one’s own?

A. Plagiarism is an act of stealing others’ material as one’s own. It is an unethical act, a serious offence, and is treated as a breach of academic integrity.

8.What  is an 'Honour code' 

Honor code is like a pledge taken by students to the effect that they will uphold academic integrity and ethical behaviour and will not engage in any kind of cheating, stealing.

Abbreviations

𝟓𝟎 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐥 𝐀𝐛𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

𝟏. *𝐏𝐀𝐍* - 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫.

𝟐. *𝐏𝐃𝐅* - 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭.

𝟑. *𝐒𝐈𝐌* - 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐞.

𝟒. *𝐀𝐓𝐌* - 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞.

𝟓. *𝐈𝐅𝐒𝐂* - 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐞.

𝟔. *𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐈(𝐅𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐢)* - 𝐅𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 & 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚.

𝟕. *𝐖𝐢-𝐅𝐢* - 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲.

𝟖. *𝐆𝐎𝐎𝐆𝐋𝐄* - 𝐆𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐟 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡.

𝟗. *𝐘𝐀𝐇𝐎𝐎* - 𝐘𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐇𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐥𝐞.

𝟏𝟎. *𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐖* - 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.

𝟏𝟏. *𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐔𝐓𝐄𝐑* - 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞. 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡.

𝟏𝟐. *𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐔𝐒* - 𝐕𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐠𝐞.

𝟏𝟑. *𝐔𝐌𝐓𝐒* - 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢 𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦.

𝟏𝟒. *𝐀𝐌𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐃* - 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞-𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭-𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐝𝐞.

𝟏𝟓. *𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐃* - 𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭-𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐝𝐞.

𝟏𝟔. *𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐈* - 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲.

𝟏𝟕. *𝐄𝐒𝐍* - 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫.

𝟏𝟖. *𝐔𝐏𝐒* - 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲.

𝟏𝟗. *𝐇𝐃𝐌𝐈* - 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡-𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞.

𝟐𝟎. *𝐕𝐏𝐍* - 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤.

𝟐𝟏. *𝐀𝐏𝐍* - 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐍𝐚𝐦𝐞.

𝟐𝟐. *𝐋𝐄𝐃* - 𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐝𝐞.

𝟐𝟑. *𝐃𝐋𝐍𝐀* - 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞.

𝟐𝟒. *𝐑𝐀𝐌* - 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐲.

𝟐𝟓. *𝐑𝐎𝐌* - 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐲.

𝟐𝟔. *𝐕𝐆𝐀* - 𝐕𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐲.

𝟐𝟕. *𝐐𝐕𝐆𝐀* - 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐕𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐲.

𝟐𝟖. *𝐖𝐕𝐆𝐀* - 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐲.

𝟐𝟗. *𝐖𝐗𝐆𝐀* - 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐲.

𝟑𝟎. *𝐔𝐒𝐁* - 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐮𝐬.

𝟑𝟏. *𝐖𝐋𝐀𝐍* - 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤.

𝟑𝟐. *𝐏𝐏𝐈* - 𝐏𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐏𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐡.

𝟑𝟑. *𝐋𝐂𝐃* - 𝐋𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐂𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲.

𝟑𝟒. *𝐇𝐒𝐃𝐏𝐀* - 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧-𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬.

𝟑𝟓. *𝐇𝐒𝐔𝐏𝐀* - 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡-𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐔𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬.

𝟑𝟔. *𝐇𝐒𝐏𝐀* - 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬.

𝟑𝟕. *𝐆𝐏𝐑𝐒* - 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞.

𝟑𝟖. *𝐄𝐃𝐆𝐄* - 𝐄𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐆𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚 𝐄𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.

𝟑𝟗. *𝐍𝐅𝐂* - 𝐍𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.

𝟒𝟎. *𝐎𝐓𝐆* - 𝐎𝐧-𝐭𝐡𝐞-𝐠𝐨.

𝟒𝟏. *𝐒-𝐋𝐂𝐃* - 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐂𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲.

𝟒𝟐. *𝐎.𝐒* - 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦.

𝟒𝟑. *𝐒𝐍𝐒* - 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞.

𝟒𝟒. *𝐇.𝐒* - 𝐇𝐎𝐓𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐓.

𝟒𝟓. *𝐏.𝐎.𝐈* - 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭.

𝟒𝟔. *𝐆𝐏𝐒* - 𝐆𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦.

𝟒𝟕. *𝐃𝐕𝐃* - 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐤.

𝟒𝟖. *𝐃𝐓𝐏* - 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐤 𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠.

𝟒𝟗. *𝐃𝐍𝐒𝐄* - 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞.

𝟓𝟎. *𝐎𝐕𝐈* - 𝐎𝐡𝐢𝐨 𝐕𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐭.

Answer key. 1st Internal Exam: Transaction.

1. Could you please give me some .         water

     Can i borrow your pen.

     May i take this seat.

2. Collocations are words that co_ occure more often in an unexpected way.

   Talkative person

   Expensive Hotel

3. If I have enough time, I will watch TV later on tonight.

If I had enough time, I would watch TV later on tonight

4. Digest

    Breath

4. We went to the movies last night.

6. She writes a letter

     Q. What does she write?

     Negate: She doesn't write letter

7. 1. I dont play chess

    2.  He doesn't like pop music

    3. The train doesn't stop at Shornur

8.   'Accent(N)

      Ac'cent(V)

      'Digest

      Di' gest

9.The boss thinks you are wonderful.

   The child makes a lot noise

    My father teaches English

10. I was just like a fish out of water during my first days at school

The storm wreaked havoc on her garden

After climbing the mountain  she felt run out of steam.

That property is still a bone of contention betweem the two families

She stick to her gun for this proplem.

None can change her mind.

11.Phrasal verbs

The child dish out sweets to his friends.

We are hoping to get away from here.

In the station he come across his school friend and that make him very happy.

He asked me to look after his daughter while he was away

I put up with a lot of nonesense, but this is too much.

We can count on that Engineer to build our new home.

12.http://rubyhantalks.blogspot.com/2022/02/negative-interference.html

13.

Monophthongs

Clap

Spit

Cook

Heard

Diphthongs

Joke

Hope

Try

Rare

So

Shake.

Expressions to show suggestions

Suggestions/Regrets

These are some expressions thats shows suggestions/ Regrets

1. I suggest or think you should…

2. It might be better to…

3. We or you ought to…

4. If I were you,…I would …

5. I (don’t) think we/you should…

6. You/we could…

7. Shall we…?

8. How about…?

9. What about…?

10. Why don’t you/we…?

11. Why not…?

12. Let’s…

Respond to suggestions

1. Sounds good (to me)

2. Let’s do/try that…

3. You are right…

4. That is a good idea

5. But what if…

6. It is a good idea, but…

Tess of the D Urbervilles

     Tess of the d' Urbervilles

                                Thomas Hardy

The novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy was published in the year 1891 and is considered to be a tragic novel because of the presence of the tragic flaw in the personality of the protagonist of the story and various other elements. The most pervasive theme in the novel is fate which is determined by the power that is beyond the control of an individual. The other things covered up in the story points towards social criticism, nature and modernity.

The protagonist of the novel is a 16 year old girl named Tess who is the oldest girl of John and Joan Durbeyfield. The family did not have a well off living in terms of money. On one night John by chance meets Parson Tringham, and discovers the fact that he is actually the descendent of the d'Urbervilles, who is perceived to be the most affluent and acquainted family of that time.

After this revelation, Durbeyfield family learns of a close relative, and John send Tess to claim their part of inheritance which might lessen their devastated condition. While visiting, Tess was on her way where she meets Alec d'Urberville, who gets attracted towards Tess. Alec appoints her to take care of his blind mother's poultry, and Tess accepts the position. 

While Tess was at the residence, Alec tries to lure Tess and rapes her. Tess returns home and becomes pregnant. She gives birth to a son named, Sorrow, but he dies in infancy due to illness, leaving Tess totally devastated. Tess leaves home once again to take a job at Talbothays Dairy as a milkmaid to a good natured dairyman named, Mr. Cramp. There she sees a travelling farmer’s disciple, Angel Clare and falls in love with him.

Angel proposes her for marriage; she attempts to oppose Angel's requests but ultimately weds him. Tess tries to tell him about her past but she could not due to one or the other reason. After getting married, Tess and Angel admit their pasts to one another. Tess pardons Angel for his previous indiscretions; however Angel could not accept the fact that Tess had a child with another man.

Angel decides to break the marriage and goes to Brazil for sometime whereas Tess returns home. After a while Tess again leaves home to work at Flintcomb-Ash ranch, there she also meets some of her old companions. On her way to Flintcomb, Tess encounters Alec, who has become a preacher. At the point when Alec sees Tess, he becomes numb and abandons his position to seek after her. Alec reaches Flintcomb and asks Tess to marry him but she strongly rebukes the proposal. 

Tess gets back home and finds out her mother to be recovering from her illness while her father suddenly dies due to an unknown disease. The family become penniless, destitute and has nowhere to go. Tess feels that she has to take care of welfare of the family and dwells upon the possibility where they could utilize Alec’s money for their welfare. Moreover, Alec demands that Angel should never return and have him abandoned Tess.

Meanwhile, Angel gets back from Brazil to search for Tess and meets her family where Joan tells him that Tess has moved to south of England. Angel reaches there and discovers Tess living with Alec d'Urberville. Tess asks him to leave right away and never return again. Angel leaves with a heavy heart and realizes that he has made a mistake in harshly judging and leaving her.

After Angel leaves Tess confronts Alec and blames him for deceiving her about Angel. Furiously Tess stabs Alec in the heart with a knife, leading to his murder. Tess looks for Angel to let him know about the mishappening. Angel welcomes her back although he has a little trouble believing her story.

In order to avoid detection both of them travel to countryside where they plan to make to the part and leave the country at soonest. They live together for a short period of time in a vacant house. Soon they are found by the police. Police capture Tess and take her away.

Before Tess is being executed, she had Angel promised her that after her arrest he would marry her sister Liza Lu. Angel promises her and alongside Liza Lu, witnesses a flag being raised in the part of Wintoncester, implying that Tess' capital punishment has been completed. Angel and Liza Lu, leave the place together, and this is how that tragic story of Tess comes to an end.

Frame sentences by using Idiomatic expression.

Frame sentences by using these Idiomatic expressions.

1.She decided to tie the knot with him only after her studies.

John and Remya are finally taying the knot after their 5 year affair.

 2. You’re barking up the wrong tree if you expect us to lend you any money.

She thinks it'll sole the problem, but I think she's barking up the wrong tree.

3. When we needed a shoulder to cry on it was mom we turned to.

I wish you'd been here when my mother died and I needed a shoulder to cry on.

 4. When I go home I can pour my heart out to my husband

Samantha poured her heart out to me last night about her life after divorce.

 5. When about to retire, many teachers seem to run out of steam.

I run out of steam when I don't get enough sleep

You run out of steam when you work too hard.

6. What I like much about the new manager is that he doesn’t like to throw his weight around. 

The manager is throwing his weight around to students to get more money.

7. The tornado wreaked havoc on all parts of the region

Violent storms wreaked havoc on the Vally resort.

 8. The student’s union sticking to their guns in demanding a cancellation of the

exams

My parents didn’t want me to be an actor, but I stuck to my guns.

9.She was at her wits ends

wondering how she had manage it all that much short span of time.

I'm at my wits' end. I don't know how to help him.

 10. She racked her brains, trying to remember exactly what she had said.

She racked her brain to get his name.

11.My father’s health improved by leaps and bounds. 

The baby is growing by leaps and bounds.

12. Kashmir has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan for years. 

Money is always a bone of contention.

Kaveri river is bone of contention between kerala and Tamil Nadu

13.Her house is just round the corner.

There's a doctor around the corner

14. The company has locked horns with the unions over the proposed pay cuts.

 Companies are locking horns in a legal battle with government.

15.No wonder Reshma is ill. She has been burning the candle at both ends for a long.

She  burns the candle at both ends 

during exam times.

Negative Interference

      Negative Interference

When one learns a second language after acquiring a first language, features of the first language interfere with those of the second language. This is called L1 Interference or negative transfer. Because of a variety of English spoken in different parts of the world, there is no purity of either language or pronunciation. Therefore we often come across alternate pronunciations and mispronunciations. However one needs to strive to acquire correct pronunciation.

In a native/first language situation, from a very early stage children learn to respond to sounds and tones

which their elders habitually use while talking to them. In due course, children start learning English. They

tend to speak in the mother tongue accent. In India, where English is used as second language, children

listen to wrong sounds and tones spoken by their teachers/grown ups in their environment and tend to pick

up faulty pronunciation.

Moreover we tend to speak English as we speak our mother tongue; therefore we tend to make mistakes

due to its influence.

The key areas of L1 interference in Malayalam/English learners are:- 

1. Pronouncing silent letters

Eg;- /briddʒ / instead of /bridʒ/

     /əddʒɜ:n/   instead of   /ədʒɜ:n/

2. Pronunciation of double letters

Eg;- brilliant, apparatus, apparel,

Commission, bullet, committe

3. Pronouncing words without stress shift

'absent   ab'sent

abstract   ab 'stract

4. Pronouncing ‘-es/s’ and ‘-ed’ morphemes

5. Strong articulation of weak function class words

6. Intrusive ‘y’ eg;- /kya:t/ instead of /kæt/

7. Phonetic fossil

8. Problem with /z/ sound

eg;- /su:/ instead of /zu:/

9. Wrong pronunciation of some numbers and other common mispronunciations

10. Wrong assimilations and common mispronunciations.

Frame sentences by using given Phrasal Verbs.

1. We’re hoping to get away for a few days at Easter. 

The Thief get away with the money

2. We can’t count on this warm weather lasting.

We can't count on his words

3. They’re taking on more workers to beef up production

The company made up new plan to beef up their production

4. The local kids hang out at the mall.

They are planing to hang out at the beach in this weekend

5. Students are dishing out leaflets to passers-by.

The teacher dished out the exam sheet to the students

6. I m not going to put up with their smoking any longer.

I can' t put up with his bad attitude.

 7. If you can wait a moment, I’ll sort it out all for you. 

If you have any problem,the doctor can help you to sort out.

8. If we all agree, let’s wind up the discussion.

They are going to wind up the session.

 9. If everyone chips in we’ll be able to buy her a really nice present.

If we three chip in, we can buy a new saree to Mom

10.I told the boys off for making so much noise. 

Mom has told me off for using mobile at study time

11.I briefly toyed with the idea of living in France last year.

I am always toy with Mom for buying a new car.

12.He asked her to marry him but she turned him down. 

The company has turned down their new business plan

13.Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?

He was trying to figure out why the camera wasn't working

14.Don’t worry about me I can look after myself.

. I love looking after the children. 

15.As the riot police approached, the crowd turned up with slogans.

Richard had turned up on Christmas Eve with Tony. [